There were a number of small actions but, by 29 October the Axis line was still intact. This was complicated by the fact thart the Sultan was both a political and religious figure. On the first night, the assault to create the northern corridor fell three miles short of the Pierson line. And in cooperation with the the Muslim Brotherhood they planned an uprising in Cairo to coordinate with the final German offensive. A British expeditionary force crushed this revolt and while this was meant to be a temporary intervention, British troops stayed in Egypt, marking the beginning of British occupation and the virtual inclusion of Egypt within the British Empire. After World War I, Britain recognized Egyptian independence, but insisted on a treary which maintained a military relationship to guarantee the security of the Suez Cana. On 10 December, the Rommel's offensive was eventually stopped at the small railway halt of Although Egypt was part of the British Military Operations zone and British forces were stationed there, many Egyptian Army units also fought alongside them. He was ths able to defeat the Ottoman Army sent to rerstblish contol. Egypt has arguably the oldest national army in the world. The Arab heartland thus became Ottoman privinces. The leadership of the United Kingdom's General Bernard Montgomery at the Second Battle of El Alamein, or the By July 1942 the German Afrika Korps under General Rommel had struck deep into The Commonwealth forces practised a number of deceptions in the months prior to the battle to wrong-foot the Axis command, not only as to the exact whereabouts of the forthcoming battle, but as to when the battle was likely to occur. By the 3rd Rommel had only 35 tanks fit for action. He purchased modern European weapons and obtaind European military advisers.

Within weeks the British had been pushed back into Egypt. The offensive was routed. Some units like 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Infantry Regiments, 16th and 12th Cavalry Regiments, 17th Horse Artillery Regiment and 22nd King's Own Artillery Regiment. Resentment within the Egyptian military grew and many young officers were impressed with the NAZIs, seeing them as a potential ally in obtaining independnce. The Ottomans also began to lose their hold on the Chritian Balkans. And the Ottomans became a minority in a huge empire with large Balkan Christian and Arab Muslim populations. The Allies had lost 6,200 men against Axis losses of 2,500, but while Rommel had only 370 tanks fit for action Montgomery still had over 900. Muhammed Ali moved toward political independence, but did not question the Sultan'sreligious authority.

Libya and Egypt, autumn 1941–summer 1942 In the Western Desert, a major offensive against Rommel ’s front was undertaken on November 18, 1941, by the British 8th Army, commanded by Cunningham under the command in chief of Wavell’s successor in the Middle East, General Sir Claude Auchinleck. The larger brigade (5,000 men) was under the capable Brigadier Mohammed Neguib, and was made up of Egyptian regulars … The Arab heartland thus became Ottoman privinces. This situation continued for four centuries. Muhammed Ali esentially declared indepenendence, but nomimally expoused fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. These resented British interbention, but respected British wepons and professionlism. In more recent times, Egypt along with the Arab heartland was invaded and conquered by the expanding Ottoman Empire. Ahmed Urabi led a revolt against European and Ottoman domination of Egypt. Despite containing the Allied advance, the pressure on his forces made a retreat necessary. Hitler initially instructed Rommel to remain at home and continue his convalescence but then became alarmed at the deteriorating situation and asked Rommel to return to Africa if he felt able.

Nazi Germany's General Erwin Rommel's Deutsches Afrikakorps coming from victories at Tobruk in Libya, and in a classic blitzkrieg, comprehensively outfought British forces. The battle was Montgomery's greatest triumph. During the war, Egypt became the principal Allied base in the Middle The Ottomans were unable to reestablish control over Egypt. The Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17) was the second conflict between the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate and the rusing Ottoman Empire centered un anatolia. Muhammed Ali's Egyptian Army participated in a sries of wars: the Greek War of Independence (1820s), Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33), and the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841). Montgomery was still confident and prepared his forces for The second major Allied offensive of the battle was along the coast, initially to capture the Rahman Track and then take the high ground at Tel el Aqqaqir. Egypt was involved in the the British replaced the independent-minded Khedive Abbas II with his uncle, Sultan Hussein Kamel, who was more compliant. Britain abd France constructed the Suez Canal whichopened (1869). After World War I, Britain recognized Egyptian independence, but insisted on a treaty which maintained a military relationship to guarantee the security of the Suez Canal.

Montgomery felt that the offensive was losing momentum and decided to regroup. Egypt did not react to the Ottoman Sultan's call for an Islamic Jihad against Britain.

The process toward full independence was arested with the NAZI take over in Germany (1933).

He was thus able to defeat the Ottoman Army sent to reestblish contol.

The Ottomans were unable to reestablish control over Egypt. The attack began on 2 November 1942. Muhammed Ali essentially declared independence, but nomimally expoused fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. The Egyptian and French Naval Forces Conduct Marit... 2020/07/25. In more recent times, Egypt along with the Arab heartland was invaded and conquered by the expanding Ottoman Empire. This conflict enlightened the weaknesses of the Egyptian Army led by Abdel Hakim Amer, a politic appointee that proved incompetent for the most part of the operations, but the Egyptian forces proved to be largely superior in defence than (counter-)attack.